Jacques Cathelineau (January 5, 1759 – July 14, 1793), nicknamed le Saint d'Anjou ("the Saint from Anjou"), was a French Vendéan insurrection leader during the French Revolution. His grandson, Henri de Cathelineau, was an officer in the 1870 Franco-Prussian War.
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Born at Le Pin-en-Mauges, in the lands now forming the département of Maine-et-Loire, he became well known in Anjou, a region over which he travelled as a peddler and alleged dealer in contraband goods. He was a devout Catholic, and supported the Church's traditional role in French society. His physical strength, macho charisma, and great piety enabled him to command considerable respect among his fellow peasants.
In the first years of the Revolution, Cathelineau joined the numbers of Vendean peasants disgusted by the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, the draft laws, and the execution of King Louis XVI of France. He collected an army of peasants and waged a private war against the government of the First French Republic.
Republican propagandists and their modern sympathizers have alleged that the revolt was provoked by the exhortations of Roman Catholic priests and Royalist émigrés.
He learned of the March 10, 1793 rising against the National Convention in Saint-Florent-le-Vieil. Collecting a growing band of peasants, he captured the château of Jallais, where he seized a cannon— known to the Vendéans as "The Missionary"— and then in quick succession took the towns of Chemillé, Cholet, Vihiers and Chalonnes.
As the war dragged on, the Vendeans were increasingly enraged by the atrocities perpetrated by the revolutionaries against both Catholic priests and their fellow Vendean peasants. Cathelineau's soldiers began committing reprisals, something from which they had once refrained.
Meanwhile, Cathelineau's troops increased, and he combined with the other Vendéan chiefs, such as Jean-Nicolas Stofflet and Maurice-Louis-Joseph Gigot d'Elbée, taking the towns of Beaupréau, Fontenay-le-Comte, and Saumur. The first successes of the Vendéans were due to the Republicans having not expected an insurrection. When the resistance to the insurgents became more serious, differences arose among their leaders. To avoid these rivalries, it is thought that Cathelineau was named generalissimo of the rebels, although his authority over the undisciplined troops was not increased by the new office.
In June 1793 the combined Royalist forces stormed Nantes. Cathelineau had entered the town in spite of the resistance of General Jean-Baptiste Canclaux - when he was killed by a sniper. The Vendéan army was defeated and soon divided into factions. Numerous relatives of Cathelineau also perished in the war of Vendée and the reprisals that followed. The remainder of his family was ennobled under the Bourbon Restoration.